Violence In Philadelphia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Violence In Philadelphia - Research Paper Example The society is headed for ethical and societal deterioration due to such criminal activities and lawlessness. Several organizations and centers have come into action to improve the conditions of the city by improving the morale and anger-management in the youth. These intend to improve the upcoming generations and simultaneously control the violence in Philadelphia. Apart from this, numerous pointers have also been identified by the local residents of Philadelphia through a community forum. These include law enforcement and severe penalties for those in defiance of the law. It also encourages the parental involvement in children’s lives in order to exercise control over them. Some have recognized the publicity of horrors the families of the unfortunate victims go through in order to make them realize the extent of these activities. An opinion has also arrived about controlling unwanted pregnancies by teenagers. The unwanted children have also become a factor of breeding hatred in the generations. Philadelphia is a one of the largest and most populous cities of Northeastern United States, lying in the Common Wealth of Pennsylvania. It was once the capital of United States before the capital was shifted to Washington. Philadelphia is said to be enriched with cultural and traditional background, historical occurrences and symbolism. Philadelphia is known by other names as well like â€Å"Philly† and â€Å"City of Brotherly Love†. According to a source, â€Å"(Philadelphia) is the sixth most populous city in the US, fifth largest city area by population in the US, and the US’s fourth largest consumer media market† (Pennsylvania). It is believed that 1.5 million people reside in the city alone. Philadelphia has contributed immensely to the American history, serving as the grounds for American Revolution and American Independence efforts initiated by Benjamin Franklin back in the 18th century. It was

Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Marketing - Research Paper Example he past, I was involved in the purchase of a smart phone, a process that required me to make an extensive decision because I wanted to have the best product that was available in the market, which suited my budget. I had interacted with many friends and family members with nice smart phones and really needed the best of all those I had come across. That required me to pay a lot of attention in the ‘alternative evaluation’ stage because the market was awash with products from different companies, and which had different functionalities and features. Therefore, when I visited the vendor, I had to spend a lot of time enquiring about different models and comparing them. I was literally undecided because almost all models had a feature or two I liked, while others were extremely appealing but they surpassed my finances (Solomon & Stuart, 2005). Although finally I managed to purchase one of the products that really satisfied my needs, what perturbs me is the fact that I afterwards met some friends who told me that they bought the same product at a cheaper price from a certain vendor in town. Considering that finances was a pretty pressing issue by then, I wished I had spent more time on information search. In view of this, if I repeat this process, I would pay a lot of attention to the stage of ‘information search’ more than ‘alternative evaluation’. I will want to gather more information from my peers, family members, the internet and any other source so I become more informed before taking the plunge (Solomon & Stuart,

Role Of Family In Mental Health Social Work Essay

Role Of Family In Mental Health Social Work Essay As a potter molds clay to form a beautiful creation, so does the strong family support and good values does. Family bonds are a link from the beginning and guide to future. Early influences are fundamental to individual development. Everyone wants to belong and feel accepted. A sense of belonging is derived from the strong bond of family. Family is where roots take hold and grow. We are molded within a unit, which prepares one for the experiences of the world and reactions to those experiences. A close family bond is like a safe harbor where one finds refuge. From trusting that someone will pick us up when we fall, as a toddler, to someone being there for us as we experience the storms in life. Family bonds help to instill trust, hope and belief in ourselves. The other hand if family doesnt have attachment, poor relationship, insecurity and anger can lead to negative consequences like isolating, low self image, anger and pain inside them. If one isnt loved as a child, they may later seek love and acceptance in a way that brings them harm. This not only affects the emotional, physical and social well-being. The poor self-image may be with the patients throughout life, causing inability to make positive choices or be close to others. Strong family bonds help us to thrive in all aspects of life. Lack of these bonds can lead to forever seeking that something which is missing and one should not take the value of family bonds for granted. Along the farm duties, family usually faces burdens. Yip (2005) identified three types of burdens in family care giving of persons with mental illness. Objective burdens are financial burdens, time and effort in care giving of family caregivers. Subjective burdens are feelings of loss, shame, worry, anger, and hopelessness of family caregivers towards their relatives with mental illness. Finally, there are burdens in management of problem behaviors like assault, mood swing, unpredictability, and other negative symptoms due to mental illness of a family member. Along with the burdens, there are benefits when family stay with mentally ill person. Often patients listen to their family because they are close to each other and every disease needs cure and family is the major support. They can help their family member to involve in the social and family activities, by involving them in rehabilitation program, encouraging other family members and friends to invite the ill family member to join them in activities and by respecting the need of solitude. Scenario: My patient was a 17 years old female, forth among seven siblings, with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Her pre morbid personality was that she was always a different child, quite and always thinking. She had no friends and was never interested to talk to her sisters as well. She never took part in household chores and when asked to help, she used to get angry, and never participated. She had a jealousy component in her as the mother always admired her elder sister and degraded her. Before hospitalization she even had hallucinations and delusions. While talking to the patient, she verbalized that I dont like my sisters because everyone compares them with me. Patients mother also accepted that she had always given importance to the elder sister and pointed out the client that she is the laziest person of the family. May be this could be a reason of patients anger, frustration and not having a caring attitude towards family. Significance of family support in Pakistani context: Family support is a very important part of our entire Pakistani nation. Family support is given a lot of importance in terms of family bonding, love and affection. On the other hand there are few families which do not pay attention to this important issue. The family support is important because it effects on physical, psychological and social well being of an individual. In the Pakistani context no such study is been done on familys role in ones life. According to Mansoor (2008) Family system in Pakistan states that each member of a Pakistani family has respect for the older family members. The parents feel responsible for teaching their children the basic beliefs of the chosen religion. Looking at the scenario mentioned above the family has paid less attention to the child because of huge family, house hold responsibilities and low socio-economic system. According to my understanding when a child grows in a close kit family they learn to appreciate all the members of family and nev er hesitate to accompany their elders or youngers in public. I believe that strong family bond serves as catalysis for everyones joy. This is because the family has its rules and regulations and when these rules and regulations are strictly followed it brings joy to the whole family and helps in community building. There is always the belief that good families can make a good society. Strong family bonds create an atmosphere of interference in the affairs of one another. For example a strong and united family the elders do not abandon the family, but they keep taking care of their parents and their younger ones in times of troubles. Significance of family support in western world is on appendix 1. Analysis of concept in the light of literature: During the 1950s, Murray Bowen gave family system theory. Theory affirms that the individual can change behavior if aware of the impact of current and historical family behavior. It works on family as well as on the emotional health of an individual. Bowen summarized his theory using seven interlocking concepts. First three concepts apply to overall family and other four are related to family characteristics. Differentiation of self The concept of differentiation of self measures all human functioning on a continuum from the greatest emotional fusion of self boundaries to the highest degree of differentiation or autonomy. In my patients scenario self was suppressed from the childhood in the result of that her family relationship were not strong. A lot of family criticism was there. Children were not allowed to take their own decision; instead they have to do whatever parents asked. The example is secular studies were compromised and the client was put in Madrasa to learn and recite Quran. As a result the family bonding went down. Her issue were not given importance and taken as a least important person of the family. She was never paid attention for whatever she did; the reason could be huge family, less differences between children and poverty. The continuum of differentiation of self is discussed more in detail in appendix 2. Triangles Triangle is a predictable emotional process that takes place when difficulty exists in a significant relationship, and the third entity is included. In my patients scenario, the triangle has three ends. One is father, another mother and the third is the patient. The conflicts between parents have a great impact on child and that can leave lifelong effects on ones life. In my clients scenario the parents had conflicts between them and research indicates that the longer parental conflict continue, greater the tension between the parents, the greater the likelihood that psychological difficulties will result for children such as emotional and behavior problems, anxiety, depression, sleep problems, low self-esteem, school problems and a number of other difficulties. The example of family triangle is on appendix 3. Nuclear Family Emotional System These are patterns of interaction between family members and the degree to which these patterns promote emotional fusion. In my clients picture she was always projected that she never participates in house hold chores and is the laziest person of the family. This indeed led to low self esteem and hopelessness. Most of the patients develop hopelessness because of shame and guilt of being poor. According to Patel Kleinman (2003) stated that hopelessness is a core experience: it is associated with spouse and family abuse, forced marriages, limited educational and work prospects, stigma for failing to produce a son, and the migration of husbands to urban areas for employment. The family projection process It is the projection of spouses problem onto one or more children to avoid intense emotional fusion between the spouses. This also fits into the clients scenario that because of poverty and low socio economic status parent and child were not able to create bond between them. The economic stressors such as unemployment, low income, and lack of affordable housing, are more likely to precede mental illness.(Hudson, 2005 ) Multigenerational Transmission Process This refers to the transmission of a family projection process. The nature and degree of intensity of emotional responses are passed down from generation to generation. Levels of differentiation are affected through generations based on levels of differentiation of partners as they marry. This was not exactly explored during the interaction but it could be a part of patients illness. Emotional cutoff The concept of emotional cutoff describes people managing their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other family members by reducing or totally cutting off emotional contact with them. In my patients case she became isolated from the family. This could be because she has some concerns from the family but they were never addressed and she got emotionally cutoff from it. Siblings position There is an impact of sibling position on development and behavior. Most of the time it is practiced that older child is the leader and the youngers are the followers. My patient follows exactly in this category. She is forth among seven siblings. She never liked her mother to say that be like your elder sister and never liked to follow her elder sisters. (Stuart, 2001) See appendices 4 for the factors left. Intervention: At individual level, a mental health nurse can take time for the patient and encourage them to ventilate their feelings. Moreover, while giving teaching to the patients, nurse can discuss the coping strategies. She can provide holistic care and address the problems and concerns accordingly, as the need of the individual. The nurse can provide the most important informations to the patient that is the need for the understanding their own responsibility. Make them aware of the importance of family support which is necessary for them. The interventions done on the client includes family teaching on dealing with hallucination and delusions that was informal. Mother was given teaching on stress management and coping mechanism. Client was involved in occupational therapy example making sit upon, coloring, drawing, collage work, making bands and so on to see the concentration level and keep the patient busy and asked the family to keep patient involved. At group level family can also involved with patient, to be aware of patients condition and involve them actively in patients care. The individual can be involved in group therapies for example milieu and occupational therapy. Moreover, in Pakistan, organizations should be made which can involve families who have clients with mental illness so that they can share their concerns, ventilate their feeling and reform solutions to problems. Some organization can also work to reduce the poverty and socio-economic instability, which is one of the leading factors of mental illness. At institutional level different groups of health care professional can be train for the risk assessment, can conduct the educational session on importance and role of family in ones life. Moreover, seminars can be held for general public regarding awareness of mental illness, coping skills to reduce stress and to ventilate their feeling. Hence, I would like to recommend that health care workers should be more vigilant towards clients health. At governmental level, organizations should be made to teach skills to clients for earning and to feel them self-empower. In addition, it is role of a nurse to identify the concerns in clients, spend time with the clients for their ventilation of feelings, should not be judgmental regarding clients complains and try to resolve their issues collaboratively with clients, families and other health care providers. My own learning Reflection: Through this paper writing my horizon of thinking about family role has more broaden. I always had a thought that mental illness occurs more often with parental conflicts but it has many other dimensions to look at. Going through different researches I came to know that love and affection are the important aspects which can help a mentally ill patient to live a normal life and when one is deprived from it can end into many other issues. The misconceptions I had before about mentally ill patients were that they are harmful and attacking but now I realized that they are only looking for love and someone to listen them. Mentally ill patients are also human and they should be treated as human beings, this is their right and they should get it. Conclusion: In conclusion, low family sociability, the extent to which family members derive and seek   gratification from social interaction with others along with a lack of cohesion explicitly, the extent to which family members have bonding towards one another is important. Conflicts between family members, authoritarian family styles, the extent to which parents dominate the locus of rule making and low family sociability plays a significant role in ones life. Importance of Family lies in the fact that one can discuss matters with the other family members and search solution from discussions. At times, conflict appears in a family but enough space should be provided to their opinions and views. In modern days, we have seen that joint families have broken up into nuclear families and a nuclear family consists of a couple and their children. In western countries, nuclear families are the norm but in many eastern countries, joint families still exist. Children receive guidance from the family as to what they should do or what they should not do. The Importance of Family lies in the fact that it determines to a large extent the social roles that the children will perform. Family support and bond can help an individual to come out from stressors, mental illness and other health problems. References: Abelenda. J., Helfrich. C., A. (2003). Family resilience and mental illness: The role of occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 19 (1), pge # Edalati.A., Redzuan. M., Mansor. M., Abu Talib. M. (2010). Family values and females psychological aggression.Malaysia Journal of Social Sciences 6 (1), 8-13. Katie M., Rootes.H., Peter J., Jankowski., Steven J Sandage. (2009). Bowen family systems theory and spirituality: exploring the relationship between triangulation and religious questing. Springer science business media, LLC. Mansoor.H. Family System in Pakistan. Retrieved on April 21st, 2010 from http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Hayi_MansoorHYPERLINK http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Hayi_Mansoor . Marshall.T., Solomon P., Steber. S.A., M.S.S., Mannion E. (2003). Provider and family beliefs regarding the causes of severe mental illness. Psychiatric Quarterly, 74,(3). Mental illness and poverty. A fact sheet. (2007). Florida council for community mental health. Retrieved on April 10th,2010. Nichols, M. P. Schwartz, R. C. (2001). Bowen family systems therapy. In M. P. Nichols R. C. Schwartz, family therapy: Concepts and methods. 5th ed., pp. 137-171. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Retrieved on April 15th, 2010. Patel. V., Kleinman. A. (2003). Poverty and common mental disorders in developing Countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81 (8). Retrieved on April 13th, 2010. Schizophrenia: The Journey to Recovery. (2007). A consumer and family guide to assessment and treatment. Canadian psychiatric association schizophrenia society of Canada. Retrieved on April 20th, 2010. Stuart, G. W. (2001). Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. 7th ed. St. Louis: Mosby. Sven.D. (1998). Family ties in Western Europe: Persistent contrasts. 17 Population and Development review, 24 ( 2). Retrieved on April 18th, 2010. Time magazine teen age pregnancy. (2006). Children having children-teenage pregnancy in America. Retrived on april 22nd, 2010 from http//: teenage pregnancy single parent families society and modern ailments rape sexual assault.mht Videbeck, S. L. (2004). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Yip.K.S. (2005). Family intervention and services for persons with mental illness in the peoples Republic of China. Journal of Family Social Work, 9 (1). Appendices 1: Significance of family support in western context: According to Sven.D. 1998 There are regions where traditionally the family group has priority over the individual and others are opposite, with the individual and there values having priority over everything else. The geography of these family systems suggests that North America, center and northern Europe has been characterized having relatively weak family links. There are indications that these differences have deep historical roots. There is little to suggest that they are diminishing today in any fundamental manner. The way in which the relationship between the family group and its members manifest itself has implications for the way society itself functions. According to my thinking, in western world, families have less importance, may be because of their fantasy world, interference they dont like or freedom they are fond of. In the west, kids are allowed to leave parents at the age of 18 as they are mature and can take their own decisions and responsibility and parents dont mi nd it because its their trend, as a result single parent family comes into existence. According to Jill Francis, of the National Childrens Bureau, There are four main reasons why teen age unmarried girls in Britain become pregnant. The likelihood becoming pregnant as a teen increased if one had parents who were inattentive, unloving, or failed to instill moral values with no family bonding. Girls whose mothers were teenage mums are more likely to do the same. Here the question arises that if this situation will continue, will there be family bonding in upcoming years? It is important for the family to understand the importance of family role in order to save the generation from mental illness, as families role is one of the biggest factors contributing towards mental disorder. The concept of family is somewhere far but those who belief in family bonding are still holding their hands together. Appendix 2: High differentiation Low differentiation Fusion with others. Personal autonomy Blends thoughts and feelings. Distinguish between thoughts Emotionally reactive when stressed. and feelings. Retains objectively when stressed.

The Great Depression Essay -- Economics Economy American History

The Great Depression Many times throughout history, the United States has undergone economic depression. The most recognized period of economic depression is called the Great Depression. The Great Depression is well known because of the seriousness of the stock market crash. The results of the crash were more serious than any other crash throughout American History. The Great Depression caused a change in the nature of the American family, an increase in poverty, and President Herbert Hoover's proposal for immediate action by the government, balanced his belief in "rugged individualism" with the economic necessities. While most Americans are familiar with the Great Depression as a time of economic disaster, it also had an impact on the American Family life. There were obvious differences in the classes because of the Great Depression. The lower and the middle classes changed considerably, but the upper class lifestyle did not vary a great deal. The father's role as head of the household became more challenging because there were fewer jobs. The expectation was for fathers to work and support their families. The reality of the lower class was that few men brought home paychecks. Some fathers suffered anxiety and a feeling of worthlessness for failing to provide for their families. Many resorted to stealing food and money just to survive. Women were offered greater opportunities in the work force, however they tended to take the position of stay-at-home mothers. Men resented employed women for they felt that they were occupying jobs that could be given to unemployed men. Children in the lower class were expected to get an education so that they could improve their situation. In addition, they were needed at home to help with household chores. Unfortunately, many poor children dropped out of school because of their obligations at home. Children in the middle class were better than those in the lower class. They had the opportunity to stay in school and were treated to more luxuries. The children of the upper class families received an excellent education and were also treated to many luxuries. Along with a change in the American family life, there was also an increase in poverty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression was an intense time of poverty. The downfall of American ... ...s and prevent foreclosures. Hoover also wanted the reform of bankruptcy laws to help in the reconstruction of businesses. He supported a loan of $300 million to states for direct relief, expansion of public works, and cutbacks in the federal government. By proposing this act President Hoover was not giving up his belief in "rugged individualism. He was not supporting the Democrats' calls for increased welfare. Instead, he was providing better access to loans and financing so that Americans could help themselves. Although his actions did stop increased destruction from occurring, he did not get the credit he deserved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression had an enormous effect on American life. It effected family life by altering the status of the family members. Poverty increased as seen through the number of collapsed American businesses, closed banks, and lowered employment rates. President Hoover balanced the economic needs of the country with his personal belief in "rugged individualism." He proposed a series of acts to address these economic needs including the Reconstruction Act, The Steal gal Act, and the Federal Home Loan Bank Act.

Causes and Consequences of World War I Essay

Belief in inevitability of war and advocacy of war to become supreme major cause for WW1. 5. Anglo-german naval rivalry Britain was supreme at sea and was challenged by germany. Britain couldn’t accept this. The rivalry culminated in WW1. 6. Absence of international organisation Concert of europe was informal group of nations aftr napoleans defeat but couldn’t control its member and didn’t represent the entire free world. The system of pacific settlement of international disputes set up by the hague conference was unsatisfactory. And couldn’t contain imperial rivalries. 7. Negative role of the press in creating war psychology despite attempts of governments to normalise their relations. 8. Autrian and serbian rivalry Austria-hungary wanted access to sea at the cost of slav territories and serbia represented slav nationalism. The two had contradictory aims. This led to a conflict of interest and was encouraged by the russian czar as well building grounds for war. 9. Personal ambitions of leader. Kaiser william II of germany, austra-hungary, russian leaders(czar and his wife). 10. The Sarajevo incident Annexation of bosnia-herzegovina by austria in 1908, 2 balkan wars, italian annexation of tripolo ,moroccan crisis along with the japanese threat to peace in the background, the assassination of the crown price of austria-hungary, archduke franze ferdinand with his wife in sarajevo june,1914 was a direct cause for WW1. Consequences The results of the great war were almost as numerous as its causes. By the end of the world war in 1918, american president woodrow wilson proposed peace and made a statement of war aims in his famous ’14 points’ 1. Open covenant of peace,openly arrived at and Abolition of secret diplomacy 2. Absolute freedom of navigation at sea, outside territorial waters in peace and war except by international action. 3. Removal of eco barriers and establishment of equal trade conditions 4. Reduction in national armaments to the point only needed for domestic security 5. Free,open minded and impartial adjustment of all colonial claims 6. Evacuation of all russia territory and allowing its to politically develop in acc with her own national policy 7. Evacuation and restoration of Belgium 8. Same for france and return of alsace and Lorraine to it. 9. Readjustment of italian frontiers along clear line of nationality 10. Freest opportunity of autonomous devt for people of austria-hungary 11. Evacuation and restoration of romania,serbia and montenegro and free access to sea for serbia 12. Autonomous devt of the non turkish possessions of the sultan 13. Resurrection of independent polan with access to sea. 14. Formation of a general association of nations for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of pol independence and territorial integrity to small n great alike. These were accepted but not followed by the european nations of the peace conference and were later rejected by the american senate after woodrow wilson lost his popularity and presented them befre the senate. Paris peace conference Fightin in WW1 ended with complete surrender of germany in nov,1918. Representatives of allied and associated powers assembled at paris on 18 jan 1919 to draw a new map of europe and the world. Selection of paris as venue unfortunate decision. It was done to take revenge from germany for the french humiliation at the hall of mirrors in versailles aftr the french defeat in the franco-prussian war. The conference was a victors club as none of the leaders of the defeated countries attended it as they were allowed no say in the conference. The conference was dominated by 4 leaders- woodrow wilson, PM lloyd george of britain, PM of france george celemnceau, italian PM vittorio orlando. It was at this conference that the treaty of Versailles was signed, officially ending WW1 on 28th july 1919. Provisions of treaty of versailles 1. Territorial provisions territorial changes in respect of germany. †¢alsace and lorraine returned to france †¢eupene,malmady and mernet given to belgium east germany given to posen †¢ Parts of west prussia and silesia to poland. Poland given access to to sea at the cost of german by way of corridor in west prussia. †¢port memel and hinterland taken away but fate undecided. Later given to lithuania. †¢coal mining area of saar demanded by france by nt given to france. Only under temporary control of france. Aftr 15 years- plebiscite conducted whether saar wants to go to germany, france or remain with league of nations †¢ Ausrtia-hungary broken up into small states. New austria small ger speaking landlocked state. Due to fears of france, germany and austria prevented from uniting without permission of league of nations of which france was permanent member. †¢small german territory also given to czechoslovakia. †¢germany also lost all colonies which were taken up by other powers of league of nations. 2. Economic provisions of reparation. †¢War indemnity cudnt be imposed on germany because a)cost of war borne by allies impossible to return for germany b)woodrow wilson against war indemnity since war cost weren’t only borne by allies but also by defeated powers. so allies demanded compensation for indiscriminate bombing and loss of lives at the hands of germany †¢no payable amount was fixed. A reparation commission set up to determine the extent of civilian losses keeping in mind germanys capacity to pay back. †¢germany was to gives horses and cattle to france n belgium and coal to france,belgium n italy. It was to surrender it submarine telegraph cables to allies and surrender all merchant ships more than 1600 tonnes. †¢default on part of germany was punishable by allies †¢customs union between Luxembourg and germany abolished to end german control over luxembourg economy. repartion commission submitted its report in april 1921 and total amount payable by germany was 6,600,000,000 pounds. †¢germany ws to giv trade facilities of certain commodities to allies. Acces to sea to Czechoslovakia and Switzerland. †¢german rivers and canal internationalised. 3. Disarmament †¢principle of reduction of arms incorporated in covenant of league. But it was not followed by allied powers. There were severe disarmament provisions for germany that made her a military cripple †¢army limited to 100,000 troops and 4000 officers. Recruitment only voluntarily. †¢navy limited to 6 battle ships,6 light cruisers,12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats. No submarines. Strength of navy only 15000 men and 1500 officers. War ships in excess were to be dismantled. †¢debarred from having an air force and naval aircrafts. †¢german general staff abolished. Allied control commission set up to supervise enforce of these clauses. Set up ws to be funded by germany again. 4. War and guilt crimes †¢germany declared solely responsible for war by article 231 of treaty. german emporer kaiser william II was found guilty of violation of treaties and international law. He sought asylum in netherlands who refused to hand him over to allies for a trial. †¢german people could never accept that their country alone was responsible for the war. 5. Provisions regarding international organisation †¢1st part of treaty provided for the establishment of a world organisation to be known as league of nations. †¢ Its constitution,called covenant, was adopted at the paris conference and included all peace treaties. It was to consist of an assembly,council and secretariat. †¢ A permanent court of international justice and international labour organisation was to be set up. †¢ These bodies were meant to maintain peace,settle international disputes peacefully,punish countries who may break the covenant and improve social and economic life all over the world. The guarantees of the enforcement of the treat were written in part XIV according to which until successful execution of the treaty the entire Rhineland(west of rhine with bridgeheads) would be occupied by allied powers. Germany was ultimately reduced from a world power to an insignificant small power. She was forced to give up monarchy and accept democracy which was something the country wasn’t prepared for. The treaty was so humiliating that the german had sworn revenge for it. The seeds for WW2 had been sown. Hitler later exploited this situation and imposed dictatorship in 1933 and began rearmament under the excuse that the allies had not reduced their armaments. This led to another arms race,violation of the treaty and eventually culminated in the second world war. Other treaties †¢treaty of st. ermain with austria on the model of treaty of versailles with excpetion of the reparation clause. †¢treaty of neuilly with bulgaria †¢treaty of tianon with hungary †¢treaties of sevres and luasanne with defeated turkey to separate its constituents and reduce military capacity and pay reparation Fall of Ottoman empire Its fall during the war created many newly independent middle eastern nation states which were quickly taken over by britain france etc. Economic depression The end of the war also caused a temporary economic bubble which soon popped and led to the great depression.

Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities in Japan

Persons with disabilities have historically faced many struggles. Over the centuries and in various cultures around the world, people with disabilities have had to fight for their rights to be recognized as human beings capable of living independent and valuable lives. Although the terminology has changed remarkably over the past few decades from using words such as â€Å"crippled† to â€Å"handicapped† to â€Å"persons with disabilities†, the words themselves do not change the basic state of inequality people with disabilities cope with in their everyday lives.These include barriers in many essential aspects of life such as access to independent housing, education, public transportation and employment. Without equality of access and opportunities, people with disabilities will never truly be equal in any society. First and foremost, there must be recognition of the individuality of the disability experience. There must also be a recognition that the term disabil ity embodies much more than persons who are wheelchair users. This term implies a multiplicity of experiences including persons with learning disabilities, neurological, psychiatric and intellectual disabilities.To analyze the situation of persons with disabilities in Japan, it is crucial therefore that we accept the concepts of individuality of experience and the sense of disability as implying a wide range of experiences. Another guideline that will aid us in this analysis is to accept that this situation must be understood from the perspectives of people with disabilities themselves. Therefore, it may be that while strides are being made in Japan for persons with some manner of disabilities, persons with other types of disabilities may not be experiencing the same amount of progress in their lives.In Japan as in many other countries around the world, persons with disabilities have begun to mobilize themselves. The mobilization of people with disabilities is an important step in c hanging the state of inequality to one of greater equality. This mobilization process or ‘disability rights activism’ reflects the fact that people with disabilities in Japan are no longer willing to wait for their country to make important social change. They are taking the issue of creating an integrated society seriously and are willing to work hard to attain it.Social change for persons with disabilities in Japan began to take shape in 1986. This is when the seminal organization DPI-Japan (Japan National Assembly of Disabled Peoples’ International) formed. The formation of this organization meant that for the first time, people with disabilities in Japan had a national and organized voice to speak on behalf of their needs and most importantly, their rights. (Country Reports 2003). DPI-Japan is an important organization and â€Å"has taken a leadership position in the grassroots consumer movement in Japan.Furthermore, it has played an important role in the di sability field at large in promoting human rights and independence of persons with disabilities† (Yuki 2000). The fact that DPI-Japan even exists is evidence of the fact that people with disabilities in Japan face significant struggles. It is also evidence that persons with disabilities in Japan have begun to organize themselves in meaningful ways to address these struggles. This organization has now taken on the responsibility of trying to transform this ancient culture into an integrated society.According to some Japanese who are involved with disability rights activism and the independence living movement, persons with disabilities in Japan face some age-old problems that their counterparts have had to deal with in many other countries – prejudice. This prejudice has its foundation in basic misconceptions about what it means to live life with a disability. As one Japanese activist stated: In Japan today, most disabled people face discrimination that confines them to living in a separate world. As soon as it is determined that a new-born child has a disability, the child is separated from other people and consigned o a separate world for his or her whole life [. . . ] Parents with disabled children often keep them at home because of the strange looks both would get from the people in the community. (Daiichi 1) This is (unfortunately) not an unfamiliar scenario for people with disabilities. Peoples’ misconceptions, parental fears and systemic barriers are the kinds of struggles persons with disabilities have faced in many cultures and in Japan. Although disability rights activists have begun to mobilize in Japan, social change is slow. Recently however change has begun to appear on the horizon of Japanese culture.In 2003, a new national organization appeared which may signal the beginning of real success in creating greater awareness of the rights of people with disabilities in Japan. The Japanese Disability Forum is a relatively new coali tion of disability-rights Japanese NGO’s. In May 2003, they had their first dialogue with the Japanese government. â€Å"As a result, Mr. Toshihiro Higashi, a board member of DPI-Japan and an attorney, became an advisor of the Japanese Governmental Delegation to the Second Session of the UN Ad Hoc Committee† (Country Reports 2). Thus, a new age is slowly dawning in Japan.These kinds of changes signify that a process of accepting and integrating persons with disabilities into a higher level of consultation and decision-making in Japan is taking place. While some may see this as a small step, it is still extremely relevant. To be taken seriously, persons with disabilities must be active in the political-decision making process. The voices of persons with disabilities need to be heard locally and nationally but not only as complaints or concerns. Their voices must also be heard as offering viable suggestions for real and practical changes to Japanese society.DPI-Japan is being taken seriously and this marks the beginning of social change for Japanese persons with disabilities. While activists fight for change, persons with disabilities continue to cope with a society, which in their opinion does not fully accept them. Japanese people with disabilities may be moving steadily into important decisions, but for many these decisions cannot be made fast enough.â€Å"The extent of the discrimination faced by and the suffering imposed upon disabled people in Japan is demonstrated by the appearance in recent years of independent living organizations all over the country. (Daiichi 2). Finally, however, disability rights activists in Japan have begun to make some significant strides. In May 2004, the Japan Diet (Parliament) passed a law entitled, The Basic Law for Persons with Disabilities. This bill includes anti-discrimination provisions, stating â€Å"Nobody shall discriminate against persons with dis- abilities or perform other discriminating acts to vio late their rights and benefits, because of their disabilities. † [†¦] However, since no penalty is stipulated its legal effectiveness and binding force are quite weak. (Ohta 2005)While this certainly has to be considered a step forward for persons with disabilities in Japan, it is a small one. There are inherent problems with this legislation that prevent it from accomplishing anything substantive. First of all, it does not define what is meant by the term disability. It may or may not be inclusive of persons with all manner of disabilities but it does not say. Second, as the comment above indicates there are no legal stipulations for what will occur when someone actually does discriminate against a person with a disability.Thirdly and perhaps most important, it does not define what they mean by discrimination. There are no guidelines here for employers, transportation officials or anyone for that matter. Here is where Japanese disability rights activists still have a gre at deal of work ahead of them. If this law is to have any meaning or impact on Japanese society, it must be defined further. It would be helpful to study other laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act which lays out very specific guidelines.There is no doubt that while some will see this as a victory, others might perceive of it as a token gesture to silence the furor that is beginning to grow in Japanese society. Indeed, some activists are beginning to take matters into their own hands. In 2003, 500 persons with disabilities, primarily wheelchair users occupied the building of the Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare for over two week. The reason they did so was to protest the fact that personal care or assistance would be cut from twenty-four hours per day to only four.By the time, 1200 people gathered in front of the building, disability rights activists had taken control and occupied the building for over two weeks. The government relented and did not change the service . The activists had won an important victory. (Nakanishi 2005). Other victories have also begun to take place. Also in 2003, The Human Rights Bureau of Japan (a branch of the Justice Ministry) and the Osaka Legal Affairs Bureau â€Å"conducted a joint investigation into Central Japan Railway Co. (JR Tokai) after a complaint was filed in April with the Osaka Bureau by a cart user. (Ito 2004).According to this article by The Japan Times, the company had no reason to refuse a cart user onto their system. However the reality is that â€Å"[†¦]1,29 railway stations have cart access out of 9,538 stations [†¦] and JR Tokai is one of three railways that denies access to the carts at all stations. † (Ibid) Even though the individual was denied access there is a small victory here in that the government is taking the action and not disability rights activists. There is no doubt that in Japanese society, persons with disabilities face many systemic barriers.They are still den ied access to all public transportation. Indeed, they face age-old ideas and misconceptions about what it means to be a person with a disability. There is a law on the books but an extremely weak one which seems to have little or not ability to make substantive change in the daily life of people with disabilities. While information on other issues such as employment and education did not seem to be as readily available, it seems unlikely that there would be equality in those sectors when Japanese people with disabilities are still fighting for their basic rights.According to Daiichi, many people with disabilities want out of the institutions they live in but they have â€Å"no place to go [. . . ] It is very difficult to rent private apartments, and metropolitan public housing is available only to those who apply as households. † (2) So, even such basic rights as independent living are still a struggle for Japanese people with disabilities. The one bright spot on the horizon is the continuing work of disability rights activists who will hopefully not give up the fight.

H.R. Giger essays

H.R. Giger essays Over half a century before the dark subculture of morbidly inclined teenagers began to flourish in America, a young boy in Switzerland named Hans Rudi Giger was building ghost rides in his cellar and drawing deformed children on calendar sheets . Before his time, this artist went against the crowd, daring to be himself and daring to be different. As an accomplished sixty one year old painter, sculptor, moviemaker, costume designer and scriptwriter Giger doesnt create art, he lives it. The always confident and eccentric Giger has been known to wear hollowed out loaves of bread on his feet calling them shoes, and once dressed up a dog as a robotic monster, but he is most notorious for his masterpiece movie successes The Alien trilogy. As a young man Giger attended a myriad of art schools ranging from interior design to drawing schools, and he even attended a military college once. He started to create tables and masks in 1964, also the year his ink drawings began to be published in underground magazines. He was working a full-time furniture design job for designer Andreas Christen when he fell madly in love with an attractive actress named Li Tober in 1966 . In 1967 they moved into a vacant apartment next door to a condemned house, which proved to be the first of several condemned houses Giger would live in or near by in his lifetime. Nine years after moving in with Giger, Li shot herself in the head, leaving Giger in the clutches of despair . Throughout the sixties Giger remained very active in the art world, never taking a break. Friends helped him promote his galleries and films and he quickly became very well known and respected in the business. In 1970 Giger was inspired by his first of many horror nightmares to paint a series of paintings called the wet-cell paintings. Some of his paintings in this era had the haunting illusion that they are covered ...

Birling and Company Essays

Birling and Company Essays Birling and Company Essay Birling and Company Essay I think Priestly used Mr Birling as muse to translate to people that his attitude of acting superior and his false certainty that he knew all were not how people should behave, and that was how they were behaving. I think Many people did not take responsibility for each other and lived selfishly, but the destruction of the war brought on a strong sense of community spirit, as people realised they need not be selfish and began to look after each other, as one does not know how unexpectedly things can change. I think Priestly conveyed this message by ridiculing Mr Birling and make his laughable to the audience. The Character of Mr Birling does seem be driven by money and success, and in doing so, gives the audience the impression that there was not a lot he wouldnt do, to boost financial prospects for his business Birling and Company.  Evidence for this is the arranged marriage between Gerald and Sheila.  Mr Birling saw their marriage as an opportunity for his company to unite with Geralds family company to work together for lower costs and higher prices.  This indicates that Sheilas marriage to Gerald was not about the promise of love forever, but was seen by Mr Birling as a tactical business opportunity. This action for Mr Birling to burden his daughter with an arranged Marriage, seems corrupt and immoral to the modern audience. Another instance worth acknowledging, which is reflective of Mr Birlings attitude towards wealth and money, is when Mr Birling learns of Shelias possible involvement in the suicide of Eva Smith. He attempts to bribe the Inspector.  Now, inspector, perhaps you and I had better go and talk this over quietly in a corner.  This shows corruption of the class and the importance of Money, as well as Mr Birlings belief that money could buy him out of trouble. In addition to that, It establishes they saying that money makes the world go round. On the whole Mr Birling seems to be a fairly money driven person.  Another method that the playwright J.B Priestley uses in order to convey the persona of Mr Birling is through the stage directions.  Priestley describes him as a heavy looking. This immediately suggests largeness in size. It definitely suggests that his size has significance and this gives his character presence. It may also suggest greed.  Most notably, he is described as being Provincial in his speech. This tells the audience that Mr Birling may not have been born into the upper-class, having had acquired new money. This tied in with Mr Birlings business mindedness, expose his character as one that demands presence. Priestley use of tension to create and elevate atmosphere is significant in the play. In Act 1, the scene ends at a climax when Gerald reveals to Sheila that he knew Eva Smith as Daisy Renton. This creates suspense for the 1945 audience and also the modern audience. The use of Priestleys stage direction complements this by using adverbs such as coldly or defiantly, in order to create the atmospheric mood intended. I think the message behind Priestleys use of stage direction is that through the actions of the actors and actresses on stage, the most blatant messages are sent and emotion is made obvious, whilst dialogue confuses all this, making the interpretation of the characters different and personal to different people. Through this ideology, I think Priestleys is trying to convey the message that although Mr Birling may act smug and superior, he is still a person, like everyone else, no matter how much he tries to put himself on a pedestal. The message that the modern audience could grasp from that is that; no matter how many different roles there are in society, with varying degrees of importance, we are all the same, none being better than the other but equal. A point worth mention to further explore the character of Mr Birling is when he gives Eric and Gerald advice about life, saying a man has to look after himself-and his family too  This is interesting as he hesitates to say -and his family too indicating that his family were an after thought. This shows his extreme self-interest and also re-establishes his uncaring attitude.  Another point that bears mentioning is when Mrs Birling reveals her role in the suicide of Eva Smith. The first thing Mr Birling says is:  I must say Sybil, that when this comes out at the inquest, it isnt going to do us much good, The press might take it up. This shows that Mr Birling has no regret for his part responsibility in Evas suicide apart from her death; which would leave his status in ruins, thus destroying his chance of a Knighthood. This presents Mr Birling as quite cold hearted, as whilst most people would show remorse, his part in the girls death seems to leave no scratch upon his conscience.  To recapitulate, The Character of Mr Birling is, in a nutshell presented as business minded, conceited, cold-hearted and arrogant. His character is certainly one that demands presence, which you could refer to as being larger than life. He has mainly negative attributes which make him a dislikeable character. Through J.B Priestleys use of dramatic irony, suspense and stage direction, he uses the character of Mr Birling to convey message of equality and positions in Society. Priestley does this by conveying attitudes that are morally wrong, in Mr Birling, and ridiculing them.  It is fair to say, then, the Character of Mr Birling is the true essence of the play.

Basket Exercise Essay Example for Free

Basket Exercise Essay Georgina Ryan, HR Director SUBJECT: Speaking engagement next week Ms. Williams, Mr. Armstrong has been transferred to a new location, earlier than expected. My apologies, however, if you would allow me to fill in for Mr. Armstrong, I would be honored to address the Business Club It is common for a large number of calls to come in all at once. When this happens, the customer relations–contact employee is supposed to take the customer’s phone number and get back to him or her within an hour. We’ve found in the past that this is a reasonable target since, after a big rush of calls, things usually settle down for a while. But when we check up on the contact employees, we find that they get back to the customer within an hour only about one-third of the time. Sometimes they don’t get back to the customer until the next day! I sent a memo to all contact employees about a month ago reminding them of the importance of prompt responses on their parts, but it did very little good. We need a training program from your department to improve this critical performance area. Can we get together early next week? MEMO TO: Ralph Herzberg, Manager of Customer Relations From: Georgina Ryan, HR Director. New Training Program Ralph, we will definitely have to address this situation. Let me get with my training program administrator and work out a training session/schedule for your department. I will get back with you on a date and time for next week. Basket Exercise. (2018, Oct 25).

Discuss the two major approaches to stress management. Identify and Essay

Discuss the two major approaches to stress management. Identify and describe one example of each strategy - Essay Example This approach is not encouraged since it creates a vicious cycle of stress, which leads to usage of more medication and ultimately more psychological deterioration. The non-medical approach takes care of three components, the body, the spirit, and the mind. It is a holistic approach and ensures that all aspects of the stressed individual are treated starting from identifying the source of stress, the extent, or severity of stress and ultimately taking charge or control of the problem. The various techniques used include psychotherapy where an individual undergoes sessions of counseling in order to restore positivity encouragement and hope during tough times. Other natural alternatives include aromatherapy, homeopathy, massaging, and reflexology. In addition, positive self-talk, making time for fun for the stressed individuals, relaxation, exercise, and healthy feeding habits are other alternatives. Worth noting, different people respond differently to stress and there is no classical or single method for all. People are therefore encouraged to experiment the different available strategies of stress

Imagining a continuation of The Road by Cormac McCarthy Essay

Imagining a continuation of The Road by Cormac McCarthy - Essay Example He had not known what to expect. Around and around he went like a miserable and a dismal son who feels he is not belonging to this world. â€Å"They may kill you. They may hurt you. You have none to depend on. The North is not a good place to go to. You will be in a real jeopardy if you go there. Life is impossible in the North. You shall suffer. None is going to help you,† a sweet soft voice addressed the boy from inside. But he was determined to continue walking along the same road. Each time he walked he could remember all the sweet lovely conversations he had had with his father. He was cherishing many hopes waiting for life to smile again at his face and for the sky to irrigate his heart with much love. He had never experienced any sort of love except the one he truthfully felt for his father. He was silent for a time. He listened to the cool breeze running in his broken heart forshadowing something good to happen. Something that can alter his life and bring the smile to his face again and again. To all the faces. Those who know him have all died and they could not commemorate that expected joy for which he was thirsty and hankering. â€Å"I shall require you to accept certain assurances, sonny! You have no interest in any friends. Stick to the guidelines the father has set for you. No harm is going to touch you. No harm. No harm.† After having a long sleep under the shadow of an orange tree, the boy woke up all suddenly. He noted that the sun had cast some of its beams on his body. He had dreamt that he was brought to a new world where all people are getting along with each other. A world where flowers are growing in utter peace and bees buzzing hither and thither, dancing in marvelous circles like a Persian dervish. He was most happy because the birds are still chirping above not caring about hunters’ disdain and winter’s cold rain. He walked and walked. Then his eyes fell on a large house

Neurology Clerkship eBook - Introduction Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Neurology Clerkship eBook - Introduction - Thesis Example 2. The â€Å"best† instruction for the eBook should be efficient in a way that it demands less time from the learners to allow for achievement of the goals; effective in a way that it facilitates acquisition of identified skill and knowledge by a learner; and appealing in such a way that it interests and motivates the learner, thus promoting participation in the learning task(McGrane & Lofthouse, 2012). 4. The evaluation of the instructional eBook should include evaluation of its instructional effectiveness among the Neurology clerkships and evaluation of the performance of the learners.(McGrane & Lofthouse, 2012) Information concerning evaluation of the instruction is enough for guiding revision of the instruction with the view to making it appealing, efficient, and effective. The process of determining instructional materials’ effectiveness through randomized large-scale experiments is uncommon due to its high expenses and increased time requirements. Various smaller studies have been carried out in the view of examining how effective it is to introduce new packages of instructional approaches in comparison to the existing ill-defined instructional approaches. Most of these studies offer useful information concerning exploitation of alternative instructional methods such as the development of an instructional e-Book for Neurology Clerkship among Medicine students.However, there are various limitations. One of the limitations of this study is the failure of evaluating most of the instructional approaches, especially among studies that offer useful information to practitioners and policymakers (Andrews, 2013). This is a problem that worsens with the exploitation of web-based open-source instructional materials such as the instructional eBooks. Another important issue is the constant nature of the studies even as they remain outdated and unable to suit the constantly updated instructional approaches. As such,

International Marketing - Brazil Country Notebook Term Project Paper

International Marketing - Brazil Country Notebook Project - Term Paper Example The success of a business depends on culture. Culture varies from country to country depending on the origin, religion or cultural practice of the indigenous population. In fact, the tradition of the indigenous and the effect of religion in behavior is advance. For example, Brazil population is affiliated to Catholicism and the impact of religion may be adverse in some areas. However, Christianity offers the opportunity for success through integration and acceptance. Brastemp is a company dealing with kitchen equipment with the main focus being on cookers and fridges. It targets export to countries such as the US, Argentina and other South American countries. However, in the next decade the company intends to supply its product globally by venturing into Asian and African markets. The origin of the Brazil nation is under dispute by archaeologists. However, the beginning of the nation can be traced back to the native population described by the Portuguese colonizers as Indians. In the early discovery there were over 2000 tribes living in Brazil. The nature of the population owing to the difference in origin is complex with a diverse approach to business and other related activities. The history of Brazil is a complex story with diverse conflicts in academic report or work. In fact, the country’s history is divided into several eras with the main focus being on the colonization era. For business, the population and preference is vital because they help in determination of the market quality. Geographical setting Brazil is locates in the South America continent and is covers almost half of the continent. It is the largest country in the continent but has diverse coverage. The total area coverage is 8,514,215km2 which is both land and water combined. It is border

Hugo Grotius and International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hugo Grotius and International Relations - Essay Example "There are, however, themes which arise from Grotius's work which give shape to the contemporary discussion of human rights and intervention."2 One of these themes that arises is the connection between peace and liberty. Grotius felt that peace was necessary and integral to the development of liberty. Peace and liberty, therefore, were tenets that Grotius thought went hand in hand. Grotius thought that overall, countries' sovereignty was directly interrelated with whether or not there was peace around. Peace and liberty were, ultimately, Grotius's capstones necessary for ensuring that a society was a safe and promising place to live. Obviously, with the example that will be shown later on with the Bosnian War, Bosnia was neither a peaceful place to live, nor was it a place in which there was much liberty for anyone, especially during wartime. International law is complicated in Grotius's view. "The contemporary problem of humanitarian intervention is another difficult aspect of the same matter. In the Grotian view, humanitarian intervention could be a just war."3 However, if war is the only way to propagate peace, perhaps it might be one of the avenues that is seriously considered. Just war theory posits that there are in fact circumstances in which war is warranted for achieving certain purposes. If one nation is, for example, oppressing another nation or not recognizing its sovereignty, this might be a reason a nation would decide to go to war. There may be other mitigating circumstances which would allow for people to go to war. Just war theory is difficult to defend and it is even harder to defend when one is the nation against whom war is being declared. However, people must understand that they cannot singlehandedly take over other peoples' countries. One example is the Bosnian War. For example, several Bosniaks were taken advantage of in the Bosnian War. The Serbs and the Croats were pitted against the Bosniaks. The Serbians were the ones who were against the Bosni

Neurology Clerkship eBook - Introduction Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Neurology Clerkship eBook - Introduction - Thesis Example 2. The â€Å"best† instruction for the eBook should be efficient in a way that it demands less time from the learners to allow for achievement of the goals; effective in a way that it facilitates acquisition of identified skill and knowledge by a learner; and appealing in such a way that it interests and motivates the learner, thus promoting participation in the learning task(McGrane & Lofthouse, 2012). 4. The evaluation of the instructional eBook should include evaluation of its instructional effectiveness among the Neurology clerkships and evaluation of the performance of the learners.(McGrane & Lofthouse, 2012) Information concerning evaluation of the instruction is enough for guiding revision of the instruction with the view to making it appealing, efficient, and effective. The process of determining instructional materials’ effectiveness through randomized large-scale experiments is uncommon due to its high expenses and increased time requirements. Various smaller studies have been carried out in the view of examining how effective it is to introduce new packages of instructional approaches in comparison to the existing ill-defined instructional approaches. Most of these studies offer useful information concerning exploitation of alternative instructional methods such as the development of an instructional e-Book for Neurology Clerkship among Medicine students.However, there are various limitations. One of the limitations of this study is the failure of evaluating most of the instructional approaches, especially among studies that offer useful information to practitioners and policymakers (Andrews, 2013). This is a problem that worsens with the exploitation of web-based open-source instructional materials such as the instructional eBooks. Another important issue is the constant nature of the studies even as they remain outdated and unable to suit the constantly updated instructional approaches. As such,

Hugo Grotius and International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hugo Grotius and International Relations - Essay Example "There are, however, themes which arise from Grotius's work which give shape to the contemporary discussion of human rights and intervention."2 One of these themes that arises is the connection between peace and liberty. Grotius felt that peace was necessary and integral to the development of liberty. Peace and liberty, therefore, were tenets that Grotius thought went hand in hand. Grotius thought that overall, countries' sovereignty was directly interrelated with whether or not there was peace around. Peace and liberty were, ultimately, Grotius's capstones necessary for ensuring that a society was a safe and promising place to live. Obviously, with the example that will be shown later on with the Bosnian War, Bosnia was neither a peaceful place to live, nor was it a place in which there was much liberty for anyone, especially during wartime. International law is complicated in Grotius's view. "The contemporary problem of humanitarian intervention is another difficult aspect of the same matter. In the Grotian view, humanitarian intervention could be a just war."3 However, if war is the only way to propagate peace, perhaps it might be one of the avenues that is seriously considered. Just war theory posits that there are in fact circumstances in which war is warranted for achieving certain purposes. If one nation is, for example, oppressing another nation or not recognizing its sovereignty, this might be a reason a nation would decide to go to war. There may be other mitigating circumstances which would allow for people to go to war. Just war theory is difficult to defend and it is even harder to defend when one is the nation against whom war is being declared. However, people must understand that they cannot singlehandedly take over other peoples' countries. One example is the Bosnian War. For example, several Bosniaks were taken advantage of in the Bosnian War. The Serbs and the Croats were pitted against the Bosniaks. The Serbians were the ones who were against the Bosni

Sherlock Homes Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Homes Essay Sweeney Todd is the story of a barber and his partner in crime, Mrs. Lovett. Sweeney is a fictional villain/hero. The story is considered to be fiction but there are rumors that it is based off of a historical event, though there has been no convincing evidence (Haining 1979, BBC 2005, and Duff 2006) . The story dates from around the mid 1800s and is an early example of a serial killer. The tale was found to originate in a penny serial entitled, The String of Pearls; a Romance from Edward Lloyds The Peoples Periodical and Family Library. The String of Pearls was eventually published as a complete book and gained the title The Barber of Fleet Street. A Domestic Romance (PBS 2006). The very first stage performance of This tale was done as a melodrama in 1847. George Dibben Pitt adapted the serial as a melodrama and the story tool the stage at Hoxtons Britannia Theatre. In 1963 a film version of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street was produced. Sweeney Todd has also made an appearance in an episode of The New Adventures of Sherlock Homes; The Strange Case of the Demon Barber. The motive behind Sweeney Todd’s acts is not revealed until a stage adaption in 1973 when a playwritgh Christopher Bind Gave Sweeney a back story (PBS 2006). He was a wronged baber returned to England after 15 years of exile. He discovers his wife is dead and his enemy, the judge, has adopted his daughter with plans to marry her. Sweeney eventually teams up with Mrs. Lovett, his neighbor from downstairs and they begin a successful business. He as a barbar, killing some of his customers, and she makes pies using his dead customers as filling. All of his actions are focused on killing the judge. It wasn’t until 1979 that Sweeney Todd was adapted into full musical theater regalia. Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler adapted Bond’s stage version in to a successful Broadway musical starring Len Cariou as Sweeney Todd and Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime (Sondheim 1979). Over the years more adaptations have been produced for stage and television. Sweeney Todd arrived in movie theaters for a second time in 2007. Tim Burton adapted Stephen Sondheim’s musical for the big screen with Johnny Depp starring as Sweeney Todd and Helena Bonham-Carter as Mrs. Lovett (Burton 2007). A current trend in the entertainment sector is to adapt musical theater into movies. Sweeney Todd follows in the footsteps of Chicago and Dreamgirls. All three award winning musical shows have been adapted into popular movies. Sweeney Todd has much more history than these other shows and it is unknown if this fictional barber is based on real life events or just a fantastic and thrilling story. While the movie does a credible job of adapting the plot of Sweeney Todd one of the large differences between the film and musical is secondary character development. The musical’s plot focuses around Sweeney Todd and his partner in crime Mrs. Lovett but you are also presented with the stories of Pirelli, the beadle, Joanna and Anthony, the judge and Sweeney Todd’s wife or as we find out at the end, the beggar woman. The movie incorporates these characters and bits of their stories. However their full story is not disclosed in the movie resulting in some stilted characters and underdeveloped plot lines, at least compared to the musical.

Rise of the Merchant Class in the Middle Ages

Rise of the Merchant Class in the Middle Ages The Middle Ages, which is considered to be the time between 500 and 1500 AD gave rise to a new economic and cultural experience in Europe. The transition from the Classical Age to the Renaissance was a process of evolution. After the barbarian invasions of Europe during the fourth and fifth centuries by the Anglos, Saxons, Goths, and Huns, the great Roman Empire declined. It was only starting in the eighth century that Europe slowly began its cultural, as well as economic, recovery. Politically, several new states emerged starting in the year 900, including the consolidated Scandinavian states under King Sweyn of Denmark; the creation of a Hungarian state; and the states of Bohemia and Poland. These states were very stable monarchies, which helped widen commercial exchange between one another. The Scandinavians traded extensively with the east, the Mediterranean countries, and with Russia. The end of various civil wars in Europe helped countries like Italy make a name for themselves in trade with the Mediterranean. Pisa, Genoa, and Amalfi, were all major commercial hubs. Germany and northern Europe were also able to make use of trade routes to the Mediterranean through Italy and France. Another result of the more settled Europe was the revival of agriculture, which was further stimulated by commercial expansion due to the growing exchange economy. Many cities began expanding, creating the demand for larger amounts of agricultural produce. As a result, previously unproductive lands in countries such as France and Germany were converted to fertile farms, rich with grazing herds. Nobleman with large pieces of uncultivated land offered these lands to peasants for cultivation in return for which they collected payment or rent. This was the beginning of the feudal system in Europe. Under the feudal system, kings gave nobleman large grants of land in exchange for soldiers. In exchange for fighting, the soldiers were given gifts of jewels, horses, and sometimes land, in territories that had been newly conquered, called fiefs. These vassals, or servants to the king had authority over the peasants, called the serfs, who worked on their land. The vassals became powerful local rulers who made their own laws, which the workers on their land were required to obey. Economic progress stimulated by this system gave rise to new towns and a rise in population in areas that were previously unsettled. The rapid increase in population due to the economic revolution resulted in a shortage of land. However, instead of causing a problem, farming and land cultivation techniques improved so that land could be used more efficiently. This also shifted quite an amount of the population away from farming jobs, and into jobs in towns and cities. By the 1100s, these hard working urban citizens formed the middle class and were enterprising, ambitious, and contributed to the success of an early form of capitalism. This medieval capitalism is often referred to as the birth of capitalism. Contributing to the development of the European intellectual, religious, and moral recovery was the setting up of new monasteries, since the church had also suffered due to the numerous invasions in the past. The more settled political climate helped bring back the influence of the church. A few of the great noblemen founded new reformed monastic houses that were more inclusive including the famous abbey of Einsiedeln, the monastic school of St. Emmereram, and the Episcopal school of Bamberg. This reformation of the monasteries broke down regional differences and revived discipline as well as literary and artistic life. The feudal ideas of lordship extended even to the monasteries, as in the case of the abbot of Cluny who was the head of all monasteries founded or reformed by his order. Even though there was much political, economic, and religious progress, new problems were created by all this development. Consolidation of kingdoms created complications for German, Italian, Hungarian, and Polish rulers. In Germany, the economic recovery caused tension between the aristocracy, which was only interested in profiting as much as possible from the revived economy, and the government. In Italy, it led to antagonism between the knights, and their feudal lords, or bishops. However, the social revolution between the knights and the bishops gave rise to powerful new classes that strived to better their positions, leading to nobles and non-nobles. In spite of all of these tensions, people still had jobs to support the growing population in cities and towns. Any commodity that was unavailable in individual fiefdoms, was obtained by barter. Artisans made farm implements, dishes, and clothing, which they exchanged for the grain, wine, and meat produced on the farms. Beginning in the tenth century, a new class of trading people emerged, referred to as peddlers. Peddlers traveled from town to town, supplying the nobility and the peasants with the products they needed. The areas frequently visited by them quickly developed into towns, which emerged as major centers of trade and attracted many merchants who supplied the prospering nobility. As the nobility got wealthier, they were able to afford gems, silks, exotic spices, and other symbols of wealth. The merchants who previously went from town to town, were now traveling to foreign locations such as Egypt, Morrocco, and Turkey. The activities of the traders permanently altered the f ace of European society, leading to a commercial revolution, which was essentially the shift of power from the landlords and nobility to the merchants. Concentration of wealth in emerging cities such as Florence, Venice, London, and Paris attracted merchants worldwide. By the tenth century, extensive trade routes had been established connecting Britain, the European continent, the Middle East, and North Africa, by river and by sea. Asia and the Middle East had several excellent overland trade routes. For instance, the four thousand mile long Silk Road led out of China all the way to the Black Sea in Eastern Europe, through Persia, Afghanistan, and India. Germanys Hanseatic League saved traders time with their larger ships that carried wine and salt to the East in exchange for the grain and timber they bought back. Some traders and merchants began plying the sea routes in search of more goods and profits. Due to its location between the East and Europe, Italy was a vital trading country. Merchants from Venice traded with those from the Byzantine Empire through Turkey, and merchants from Pisa and Genoa traded with cities in North Africa. They brought back African gold and ivory, precious stones, silks, perfumes, and spices from Persia and India, Turkish carpets, Persian ceramics, and Syrian glass and metalwork, all of which commanded high prices in Europe. In the eleventh century, local merchants primarily sold their goods in weekly markets. A network of weekly markets was one of the main components of the booming economic progress that swept across Europe in the Middle Ages. These markets spurred the creation of money, and harbored huge amounts of wealth to the merchants. Fairs, which lasted for weeks and were held at crossroads of important trade routes, were another means by which well-established merchants bought and sold goods. Some of the most important trading fairs included the 12-day cloth fair and the 8-day leather fair, both held in Champagne, France. Since fairs and markets could easily be ruined by undesirable weather conditions, some traders eventually came up with ways to make profits without ever leaving their homes. Using credit, they bought and sold goods through agents at various fairs, giving rise to a form of banking. This contributed to a free flow of money, which enriched the lives of people in all classes of society. This increase in wealth helped patronize artisans, goldsmiths, and retailers. The towns that expanded around the fair sites attracted business and brought about the standardization of currency, weights and measures. The merchant class largely populated the new towns that sprang up, and influenced the economy and social life of their societies. The towns attracted specialists such as grocers, spice merchants, cobblers, apothecaries, and goldsmiths who formed unions called guilds. These guilds set the prices for the goods they produced, as they were the only ones in the area creating this product in the area. Therefore the citizens in this area were willing to pay whatever price they charged. Their control over these prices led to much of their control over the economy. Additionally, they effected and influenced social life with the elaborate feasts and celebrations they held for religious services, holidays, and similar events. With the increase of merchant activities and the rise of the merchant class, it became necessary for them to learn to read, write, do arithmetic, and have a general knowledge of foreign affairs. Local governments and scholars, both of which profited from teaching the children of these merchants, set up schools to take care of the demand for education. The success of the schools in turn, led to the establishment of universities, so that people were able to continue their education if they desired. Some of these universities include Oxford, Cambridge, Chartres, Reims, and the University of Paris. The rising importance of schools broke the monopoly that the church previously had in the area of education. Since merchants made great profits from buying and selling goods, they were considered sinners by the church, because they enriched themselves rather than working for common good. The fear of hell was very real and the church often confiscated merchant estates. To avoid this, merchants began contributing some of the wealth they made to monasteries and churches, and providing funds to charitable causes including hospitals and homes for those without shelter. The rise of the merchant class gained them access to high society and some became famous patrons of the arts, constructing concert halls, churches, and other cultural centers. These merchants spread wealth and culture to the masses and assisted in dissolving the previously existing social structure by creating a society where even a peasant was able to rise in wealth and status. Merchants that joined the ranks of nobility further strengthened their position in society by patronizing the arts even more. They hired artists, musicians, and writers to produce works that still live on today, including works of art such as Madonna and Child, Nativity, and the Wise Man, by renowned artists such as Michaelangelo, Botticelli, and Leonardo Da Vinci. Some of the extremely successful merchants, known as the merchant princes, sometimes became so powerful they controlled their countries wealth. The Medicis, a family of bankers that lived Italy, are an example of such powerful and successful merchants. As a result of this patronage of the arts, many architectural and artistic gems were produced during this time. Some of the buildings built during the Middle Ages using the Gothic or Romanesque styles used such advanced techniques that these buildings are still existent today. The Chartres cathedral, the Laon Cathedral, and St. Denis, all in France for instance, represent the quality of the churches, houses, and castles built during that time. Also produced during the Middle Ages was some beautiful art work that is often overlooked, including jewelry, pottery, metalwork, carved woodwork, sculptures, and illustrated manuscripts. Most of the art work was created in the setting of the church, such as murals of Biblical stories, chalices, shrines, reliquaries, and statues of angels and saints. The rise of the merchant class also made portraits very popular, along with intricate work for personal use such as woven tapestries, decorated manuscripts, tableware, jewelry, and carved furniture . Inventions and technology during the Middle Ages were in the form of a gradual improvement in the way things were done, rather than a series of dramatic discoveries. It took place in the form of a gradual shift away from mass slavery, the use of wind power, of open fields in agriculture, the use of the wheelbarrow, double entry book-keeping, and finally the use of firearms and printing. The windlass, a rope around a barrel which turned using a crank, was used to lift heavy loads. Water mills and windmills were used to power all kinds of machinery. For instance, a hammer driven by a mill was used in fulling cloth, which is a method of cleaning fabric used in textile production. A new kind of loom was introduced as well as the invention of the spinning wheel, which greatly reduced the time taken to weave cloth, and produce new fabrics. The secrets of producing silk were passed on from Greece to other parts of Europe. Papermaking was brought back from China, greatly reducing the cost an d time to write and produce books. The growth and progress of the European civilization in the middle ages was largely due to the rise of the merchant class. With their ambition and hard work, they paved the way for modern times. Under their leadership, Europe enjoyed a prosperity not known since the Roman Empire. When Europe emerged from the Middle Ages, it had attained a level of sophistication in its universities, literature, art, learning, science and technology, that were unmatched in the world. Significant advances were made in the areas of tenant farming, harnessing the horse to the plough, cloth making, iron working, ship building and navigation. This technical progress would not have amounted to much if it had not been coupled with the intellectual tools that the businessmen of that time used to manage his business and observe and measure fluctuations in the economy. The world of trade had to perfect various systems: from dealing with rates of exchange for goods and services outside their towns or even countr ies, establishing credit procedures, legal bases in keeping with the times, and methods for monitoring and balancing their accounts. All of these eventually became the foundation for our modern system of economic relations. Although it is often ignored in history, the Middle Ages saw the birth of a new cultural experience in Europe, which eventually led to the Renaissance. The cultural heritage of the Middle Ages is still apparent in architecture, art, education, science and technology, that have survived the test of time. Bibliography: Gold and Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages, Jean Favier The Medieval Merchant, Stuart A. Kallen The Middle Ages, Giovanni Caselli The Late Middle Ages, Raintree Steck-Vaughn Library The Medieval World, Mike Corbishley Life During the Middle Ages, Earle Rice, Jr.

Exposing the Weakness of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argum

Exposing the Weakness of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argument In a world of scientific inquiry, atheism, and the assassination of God, we are often neglectful of our Glorious God’s existence. With new theories of neuropsychology, quantum physics, gene therapy, evolution, and psychobiology, we are constantly forced to edge God out of our lives, to be replaced with cold, empty scientific thought. What, with meme theory, genetic predisposition, evolutionary spontaneous generation, dark matter, super string theory, multi-layered universes, and the neurological reasons behind consciousness, we are becoming more and more distant from the reality that is God. This is disappointing. This is painful. And thankfully, this is avoidable. We must look no further than Saint Anselm and his Ontological Argument of 1077 B.C., and we are again reminded of the irrefutability of the Lord’s existence, and His awe-inspiring plan for us all. Saint Anselm of Canterbury is not only the theologian responsible for one of the most potent arguments against atheism, but he is also the archbishop responsible for interpreting the Holy Bible in support of the Holy Crusades for Pope Urban II. Without Anselm, we would be without the Ontological Proof, and we never would have waged war against the infidel Turks, or the heathen Jews. So, we are doubly indebted to Saint Anselm, and should take this opportunity to learn a little more about him: Anselm was one of the early Church Fathers who attempted to justify faith, not by reference to Holy Scripture, but through the use of logic and reason alone. Having been inspired by Saint Augustine’s The City of God, (413-426,) Anselm understood that to defeat Paganism, he must support his ... ...errifying of all, no Yoohoo Chocolate Drink. (A careful reading of The Revelations of John show this to be one facet of Hell.) So, Believe in the Lord, friends, He Must Exist! You need never doubt again, as the man who doubts further supports the undeniable existence of God Almighty. In order to deny the existence of God, we must first conceive of a God, and in order to conceive of a God, God must exist, because the concept of God can be improved upon, and therefore, God must exist. This concludes my exposition of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argument. Works Sited: Ian McGreal: Great Thinkers of the Western World. New York, Harper Collins Co., 1992. Pg. 81-86. John Hopkins: A Companion to the Study of St. Anselm. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1972. Saint Anselm: Monologion. England, 1077. Saint Anselm: Proslogion. England, 1078.

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Asian Carp Essay Arron Kruse 11/28/13 Choosing a spot in the Illinois River to fish or motorboat has become a very difficult task of late. Choose incorrectly and one’s boat might all of a sudden be overtaken by hundreds of fish, several dozen pounds in weight and jumping several feet out of the water. These fish are silver carp, one of several types of Asian Carp now present in many Midwest waterways. Having already overtaken and disrupted the ecosystem and economies of many Midwest waterways, the recent evidence that Asian Carp have infiltrated the Great Lakes watershed poses even more serious implications if a method of stopping them is not found. The bottom feeding common-carp was introduced to the United States in the 1800’s by immigrants who were aghast at the lack of a fish that was so prized in Asia and Europe in America. They are now well-established, but being smaller bottom-feeders they don’t pose as much of a threat as Asian Carp. Asian Carp were imported to the United States in the Early 1970’s to enhance fishing and control algae in sewage treatment areas. They were originally supposed to be held in contained areas, but very soon they escaped the breeding ponds during floods. Since then they have spread outward in a variety of ways. The silver carps ability to jump has sped its rapid expansion because it was able to jump over barriers other fish couldn’t. Adult Asian Carp have no natural predators in the US and are prolific breeders, laying hundreds of thousands of eggs at a time allowing them to spread with almost no interruption. They have also made it through lock systems as boats pas sed through. Before the dangers of Asian Carp were fully understood fishermen would sometimes use baby Asian Carp as bait which fur... ...n just a few were to traverse the lakes. It is clear that Asian Carp have found a new home in the United States. They have been able to spread easily and without almost any barriers throughout the Mississippi watershed, they are swimming on the precipice of the Great Lakes watershed. As of now they appear to be being kept out, but only by the slimmest of barriers. If they were to break through there would be very little chance at stopping them from the damage they would inflict on the wildlife and people who need the lakes for their livelihood. It is no longer just a cause for scientists and environmentalists to take up, this is a cause that threatens everybody in the Mississippi and Great Lakes Watershed. If we don’t act now we may be too late, in fact we may already be too late. Ask not what your watershed can do for you, ask what you can do for your watershed.

Economic and Social Development in Post-Independence Jamaica and Barbados Essay

Jamaica and Barbados have socially and economically advanced since their independences. Each country has been able to economically sustain itself without the assistance of Britain, which used to govern the two as territories. But despite the two countries’ self-regulation and reliance, both of the nations are quite poor, and are considered third world countries. Jamaican and Barbadian History Both of the two nations were originally colonized by Great Britain (after being discovered by the Spanish) under the mercantilism policy, which encouraged European colonization of other areas. This was because the policy showed that a nation’s prosperity could be determined by its adequacy in trade, and exports were far more valuable than imports under the policy. So European nations that could not produce particular products on their own would colonize other areas that could, so they could use the goods, and export them to other nations that did not have the means to acquire those particular goods on their own. So many of the Caribbean islands that Britain colonized were exploited because of their warm climates, which allowed them to grow certain crops, such as sugar. This crop was one of the main reasons that Britain had colonized such territories as Jamaica and Barbados. Jamaica’s Independence and its Economic Enterprises Thereafter It was in 1962 that the United Kingdom’s parliament granted Jamaica its independence, after which the nation ceased to be regulated by its European founder. After its independence, the Jamaican government arose, and began sponsoring employment opportunities, though many jobs arose in the private sector. Sugar and bananas were the original crops grown in Jamaica, and exported to locations worldwide, and the cultivation of these crops serves as a major source of employment on the island. The nation’s tropical climate makes it a suitable location for the growing of these crops, which cannot be grown in the United States or Europe, so some of the sugar and bananas in those areas come from Jamaica. Jamaican Exports and Recent Economic Problems Jamaica also has a natural supply of bauxite, which is a source of aluminum ore, and is therefore a valuable product, which employs many people as miners. But recently, the economic status of the island has been declining. Periods of unfavorable weather have led to a sharp decrease in the production of sugar cane and bananas over the last decade, and inflation has been plaguing the island. The recent lack of favorable agricultural activity has been so extreme that the nation has been forced to import products that, if conditions were better, Jamaica could produce itself. But lately, coffee has been another profitable crop that can be grown around the island’s blue mountains area, when sugar and bananas cannot, and it serves as a primary export, and source of national income. Other Industries in Jamaica Jamaica also has an industry concerned with the rearing of domestic animals, and a dairy industry. But that has also been declining, and the nation has actually been importing milk, butter, and cheese from elsewhere. Other smaller cash crops of the island include citrus fruits, such as oranges, and cocoa, but the industries concerned with those crops are considerably smaller than that of the sugar sector. Mining employs a small number of citizens, as does fishing, and foresting, as loggers are able to export lumber to countries that do not have access to the same tropical woods. Also in Jamaica is the manufacturing industry, which usually accounts for just under 20% of the nation’s GDP annually. Tourism has also proved to be a profitable market for the nation, and it serves as a social and economic boost for the nation, but since the turn of the century, tourism has been slower in Jamaica. Barbados’ Independence and Its Trade History Barbados achieved its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966, after which the nation began governing and regulating itself. Since that time, sugar cane has proved to be the greatest contribution to the nation’s employment, and it serves as Barbados’ most significant export. In 1961, five years before the country’s independence from great Britain, Barbados opened the Deep Water Harbour port, located in Bridgetown, which serves as the nation’s main port, and allows large container ships and freighters to export sugar and manufactured products Barbados’ Manufacturing Sector Although sugar was for some time the main source of income for the nation, recently, manufacturing and tourism has been increasing in Barbados. The manufacturing sector began in the 1980s, and continued to be a profitable investment in the country into the 1990s, as certain companies exploited the nation’s cheap labor to save money on manufacturing in the United States and Europe. The United States has proved to be the main trade partner of Barbados, which also relies on certain imports from the United States. â€Å"The United States remained Barbados’ leading trade partner in 1987 with transactions valued at $189 million ($128 million in U. S. exports and $61 million in U.  S. imports),† an article for Business America, entitled Barbados: economy relies on U. S. for products, investment – Business Outlook Abroad reported of the trade status in 1988. â€Å"Moreover, Barbados continued to welcome American investment in virtually all sectors of the economy. In addition to direct investors, in recent years Barbados has attracted a sizable number of American captive insurers, international business companies, and foreign sales corporations largely through a bilateral double taxation agreement. This means that at an earlier time, the economy of the nation was stabilized by foreign investments, and exports that served to preserve trade relations between the United States and Barbados. Trade Alliances and Foreign Investments And with Barbados’ good terms with the United States came the tourism industry. American, Canadian, and European tourists provide the nation with a stable tourism industry that serves as a main source of income on the nation. Foreign interests in the nation that led to the tourism industry was somewhat of an atypical event for a Caribbean country, as most nations in the area have not been able to capitalize on the industry, or attract foreign investors in its markets as Barbados did. Major tourism projects, such as resorts and cruise adventures continue to benefit the nation’s tourism industry, and satisfied tourists keep the industry alive. Federal and Private Programs in Barbados Recently, government-regulated ventures in the nation have been turning into privatized corporations. The government of the nation is not satisfied with the high unemployment rate, so it is trying to encourage small businesses to form, and stabilize themselves, because this should lead to the creation of jobs. But lately, nationally sponsored programs such as offshore banking enterprises, and foreign exchange moderation by Barbados have proved to be effective ways of earning the nation capital. Most manufacturing and sugar cane production, however, is done in the private sector, and is not federally regulated. This allows small businesses and farmers to have steady employment, and the steady production of crops allows the nation to not only export the crops, but use them itself, which decreases Barbados’ reliance on imports from other nations. Both Jamaica and Barbados have been able to maintain themselves to some degree, economically and socially since their independences from Britain. The development of Jamaica, however, was much more typical for a West Indian nation than was the development of Barbados, because Jamaica was not able to draw foreign investors and establish particularly coordinated trade patterns like Barbados was. In this aspect, Barbados was much more successful than were most West Indian nations, as it was able to maintain exports even when economic times were difficult. The Jamaican economy has been experiencing more problems than that of Barbados, and inflation in Jamaica is causing serious problems. Barbados, however, unlike most Caribbean nations, has been able to rebound, and it has a very high rate of tourism, which provides the nation with a steady rate of foreign income.